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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

479
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
479
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

511
Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
511
Language Development01:22

Language Development

429
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
429
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

183
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
183
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

269
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
269
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

412
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
412

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Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness
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Drinking From a Firehose: Continual Learning With Web-Scale Natural Language.

Hexiang Hu, Ozan Sener, Fei Sha

    IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
    |October 31, 2022
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We introduce personalized online language learning (POLL) and large-scale datasets for continual learning research. Our new algorithm, ConGraD, significantly improves performance on web-scale benchmarks.

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    Area of Science:

    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Machine Learning
    • Natural Language Processing

    Background:

    • Continual learning systems adapt over time through interaction.
    • Evaluating continual learning algorithms at scale requires realistic benchmarks.
    • Personalized online language learning (POLL) presents a significant challenge for continual learning.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a large-scale benchmark for continual learning.
    • To facilitate research on personalized online language learning (POLL).
    • To develop and evaluate a novel continual learning algorithm.

    Main Methods:

    • Collected massive datasets (Firehose10 M, Firehose100 M) of 100 million tweets from one million users over six years.
    • Developed a new continual learning algorithm: continual gradient descent (ConGraD).
    • Evaluated ConGraD against prior methods on the Firehose datasets and existing benchmarks.

    Main Results:

    • ConGraD demonstrated superior performance compared to existing continual learning methods.
    • The Firehose datasets provide a robust platform for web-scale continual learning evaluation.
    • The study establishes a reproducible benchmark for continual learning research.

    Conclusions:

    • The POLL problem, Firehose datasets, and ConGraD algorithm form a comprehensive benchmark for web-scale continual learning.
    • This work enables reproducible research and advances the field of continual learning.
    • The findings pave the way for more adaptive and scalable AI systems.