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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests

Published on: September 13, 2024

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Olfactory Cleft Length: A Possible Risk Factor for Persistent Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction.

Francisco Alves de Sousa1, João Tarrio2,3, André Sousa Machado1

  • 1Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties
|November 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Longer olfactory clefts (OC) may increase the risk of persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. This finding suggests OC morphology could be a predisposing factor for olfactory disorders after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Keywords:
COVID-19HyposmiaLengthOlfactory cleftOlfactory dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction (pCIOD) is a significant concern with unknown predisposing factors.
  • Understanding the anatomical correlates of pCIOD is crucial for risk assessment and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between olfactory cleft (OC) measurements and the risk of developing pCIOD.
  • To identify potential anatomical predisposing factors for olfactory dysfunction following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study involving three groups: patients with pCIOD, patients without olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19 (ntCIOD), and controls (noCOVID-19).
  • Olfactory perception threshold (OPT) and visual analog scale for olfactory impairment (VAS-olf) were assessed.
  • Olfactory cleft (OC) dimensions were measured using computed tomography (CT) scans.

Main Results:

  • Patients with pCIOD exhibited significantly lower OPT and higher VAS-olf scores compared to other groups.
  • A significantly greater OC length was observed in patients with pCIOD (42.8 ± 4.6 mm) compared to ntCIOD (39.7 ± 3.4 mm) and noCOVID-19 (39.8 ± 4 mm) groups.
  • Each 1 mm increase in OC length was associated with a 21% increased odds of pCIOD, with odds 6.9 times higher for OC length >40 mm.

Conclusions:

  • Increased olfactory cleft length appears to be a significant predisposing factor for persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
  • Further research into OC morphology and its role in olfactory disorders is warranted.