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Related Concept Videos

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

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The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development01:19

Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development

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The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
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Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development01:14

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The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone, blending...
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Default mode network scaffolds immature frontoparietal network in cognitive development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The default mode network (DMN) integrates internal and external information, while the frontal parietal network (FPN) is vital for executive functions.
  • The developmental interplay between the DMN and FPN and its role in cognitive development is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the maturational changes and network connectivity between the DMN and FPN during cognitive development.
  • To explore how the interplay between these networks supports the development of executive functions and working memory in children.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study.
  • Utilized an n-back paradigm with 528 children and 103 young adults.
  • Analyzed multivoxel activity and functional connectivity within and between the DMN and FPN.

Main Results:

  • Children showed less DMN deactivation and weaker FPN activation but stronger DMN-FPN coupling compared to adults.
  • The DMN matured earlier than the FPN in terms of activity patterns and within-network connectivity.
  • Intrinsic DMN-FPN coupling, particularly the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) pathway, mediated age-related improvements in working memory.

Conclusions:

  • The DMN may provide a scaffolding effect for the developing FPN, aiding the maturation of executive functions in children.
  • The PCC-DLPFC coupling is a key pathway supporting working memory development, potentially working with task-evoked PCC activity.