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Updated: Aug 23, 2025
3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra
Published on: April 14, 2023
Innovative training modality for sacral neuromodulation (SNM): Patient-specific computerized tomography (CT)
Tahsin B Aydogan1, Mittal Patel2, Alex Digesu2
1Department of Urology, Liv Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
Introduction:
Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an effective treatment of urinary and bowel dysfunction, including secondary to neurological disorders. The learning curve for the optimal electrode placement for SNM is steep, expensive, and limited by patient factors such as obesity and previous injuries. We aim to create a patient specific 3-dimensional (3D) model for successful SNM training.
Materials And Methods:
A total of 26 urology residents who had different level of knowledge and experience were enrolled to the 3D SNM training program. The creation of 3D sacrum model has been started with evaluation of real patient computerized tomography images and creation of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine files. The segmented anatomic structures from the files then edited and stereolithographic files were generated for 3D-model prints via Mimics© software. The 3D-printed models were used for training and evaluation of participants during the SNM intervention was performed. The evaluation of 3D SNM model training was led by one mentor who is expert on SNM.
Results:
On the preprinted 3D sacrum model all 26 participants were requested to perform the essential steps to complete a SNM procedure and individual procedure time was recorded. The mean and median scores were 18.8 and 19, respectively according to Likert scores (min 11 max 28).
Conclusions:
SNM is increasing in popularity as a treatment option with physicians and patients with refractory symptoms. Few experienced specialists exist, and more effective training methods are needed to tackle the increasing demand, and individual patient anatomy.
