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Patrick Cavanagh1,2,3,4, Stuart Anstis5,6,7, Matteo Lisi8,9,10

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Flashed probes within a moving frame appear displaced relative to the frame, a robust effect even with frame shape changes. This visual perception relies on frame continuity and attention, not physical motion.

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Area of Science:

  • * Visual perception
  • * Motion perception
  • * Psychophysics

Background:

  • * Flashed probes within a moving frame exhibit significant displacement, a phenomenon known as the frame effect.
  • * This effect is considerably larger than induced motion observed with static or continuously moving probes.
  • * Previous research indicates flashed probes are often perceived at 100% of their frame-based separation (Özkan et al., 2021).

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the robustness and parameters of the frame effect using variations of a standard stimulus.
  • * To determine the influence of frame motion characteristics (smooth, abrupt, nonlinear) on the perceived displacement of flashed probes.
  • * To explore factors limiting the frame effect, such as static anchors, textures, and probe continuity.

Main Methods:

  • * Experimentation with various frame shapes, orientations, and paths (linear, nonlinear, circular).
  • * Manipulation of frame motion (smooth vs. abrupt) and probe presentation (flashed vs. continuous).
  • * Inclusion of competing frames and static anchors to test attentional and contextual influences; observational reports from 30 online participants.

Main Results:

  • * The frame effect persists across diverse frame movements, including shape and orientation changes.
  • * Perceived motion, not physical motion, drives the effect; attention dictates perception with competing frames.
  • * A static anchor near flashes suppresses the effect, while extended texture does not; continuous probes abolish the effect.

Conclusions:

  • * The frame effect is a robust visual phenomenon, largely independent of frame path and shape variations.
  • * Frame continuity and the grouping of flashes with the frame are critical for generating the effect.
  • * The findings underscore the significant role of attentional and contextual factors in visual motion perception.