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Fetal Circulation01:14

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
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Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Intrauterine Growth Restriction.

Narayanappa Amruta1, Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu2, Suttira Intapad3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, #8683, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2699, USA.

Current Hypertension Reports
|November 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can lead to lifelong cardiovascular problems, including hypertension. Research highlights mechanisms of fetal programming for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in IUGR.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseaseHypertensionIntrauterine growth restrictionMammalian target of rapamycin

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Last Updated: Aug 23, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Developmental Biology
  • Perinatal Medicine

Background:

  • Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects 5-15% of pregnancies, impacting neonatal growth and long-term health.
  • IUGR is linked to hypertension, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation, and endothelial dysfunction.
  • These factors contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) throughout life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review new findings on cardiovascular dysfunction in IUGR.
  • To outline mechanisms of fetal programming for hypertension and CVD in IUGR.
  • To highlight experimental findings demonstrating CVD in IUGR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological and experimental studies.
  • Focus on recent research investigating IUGR and CVD.
  • Analysis of mechanisms mediating hypertension and cardiovascular dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • IUGR is associated with significant cardiovascular dysfunction, including hypertension.
  • Disruptions in placental signaling (mTORC, TGFβ) and RAS activation are key mechanisms.
  • Evidence demonstrates the development of CVD in IUGR fetuses, children, and adults.

Conclusions:

  • IUGR has profound, long-lasting effects on cardiovascular health.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions.
  • Further experimental studies are needed to address long-term CVD risks in IUGR individuals.