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Squatter settlement and informal urbanization: causes and consequences.

Addis Bikis1, Digvijay Pandey2

  • 1Department of Surveying Engineering, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia.

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Summary

Informal urbanization in Addis Ababa is driven by rural migration, high land prices, and housing shortages. Addressing these requires investing in affordable housing for the urban poor to ensure their right to adequate shelter.

Keywords:
Addis AbabaHousingInformal urbanizationLand acquisitionLand speculationSquatter settlement

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Area of Science:

  • Urban Planning and Development
  • Sociology
  • Economics

Background:

  • Squatter settlements and informal urbanization are significant concerns in Addis Ababa, with a high proportion of the population residing in informal areas.
  • These settlements often arise illegally on open spaces, farmlands, steep slopes, or river buffers due to rapid urbanization and increasing formal land values.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the primary causes and consequences of squatter settlements and informal urbanization in Addis Ababa.
  • To analyze the socio-economic and physical characteristics of these settlements and their inhabitants.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized physical observation, questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions to gather data.
  • Employed a systematic sampling technique for questionnaires, focusing on four selected districts with a high incidence of new informal settlements (964 households in 2018).

Main Results:

  • Key drivers identified include site-related pulling factors (49%), sloppy topography (31%), rural-to-urban migration (11%), and urban policy (5%).
  • Major causes encompass rural migration, prohibitive formal land prices, lack of affordable housing (including the 10/90 condominium scheme), land speculation, and the establishment of religious institutions.
  • Consequences include unplanned construction, high infrastructure costs, fragmented land use planning, and difficulties in service provision.

Conclusions:

  • The current affordable housing policy, while intended for the poor, inadvertently benefits higher-income groups due to down payment requirements, marginalizing the urban poor.
  • There is a critical need for increased investment in affordable housing initiatives specifically targeting the urban poor to mitigate informal settlement growth and uphold the right to housing.