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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Proximity-enhanced magnetocaloric effect in ferromagnetic trilayers.

M Persson¹, M M Kulyk¹, A F Kravets¹

¹Nanostructure Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|November 2, 2022

Summary

Atomistic spin dynamics simulations reveal how to enhance the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in ferromagnetic trilayers. Optimizing the spacer

Keywords:

atomistic spin dynamics magnetic multilayers magnetocaloric effect mean field entropy

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Spintronics

Background:

The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is crucial for magnetic refrigeration technologies.
Understanding MCE in complex magnetic heterostructures is essential for device optimization.
Ferromagnetic trilayers offer tunable magnetic properties for MCE applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the demagnetization and MCE in strong-weak-strong ferromagnetic trilayers.
To explore the impact of magnetization reorientation on MCE.
To identify strategies for enhancing MCE in these systems.

Main Methods:

Atomistic spin dynamics simulations were employed.
Simulations focused on reorienting strong ferromagnets from parallel to antiparallel magnetization.
Entropy was directly calculated from non-trivial spin distributions.

Main Results:

Non-trivial spin distributions were observed in the antiparallel state.
The influence of longer-range spin-spin interactions and external switching field strength was analyzed.
Significant MCE enhancement was achieved by varying local exchange through the spacer.

Conclusions:

Tailoring the spacer's magnetic dilution can spatially vary local exchange.
This spatial variation offers a practical method for significantly improving MCE.
The findings provide a pathway for designing more efficient magnetocaloric materials.