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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Merging the Interfaces of Different Shape-Shifting Polymers Using Hybrid Exchange Reactions.

Huan Liang1, Shuai Zhang1, Yawen Liu1

  • 1The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|November 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed hybrid exchange reactions to seamlessly join different polymers, enabling advanced shape-shifting materials. This breakthrough overcomes permanent cross-links, paving the way for novel soft robots and flexible electronics.

Keywords:
covalently adaptable networkshybrid exchange reactionsmultimaterial systemsshape-shifting polymersvitrimers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Dynamic Covalent Chemistry

Background:

  • Integrating diverse polymers (e.g., epoxy, polyurethane) into single systems is challenging due to permanent cross-links.
  • Existing dynamic covalent bonds typically undergo only self-exchange reactions, limiting material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce hybrid exchange reactions for merging interfaces between different dynamic covalent bonds.
  • To overcome the limitations of self-exchange reactions in polymer systems.
  • To enable the creation of advanced, shape-shifting materials.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated hybrid exchange reactions among various dynamic covalent bonds (ester, urethane, thiourethane, boronic-ester, oxime-ester).
  • Utilized model compound studies to confirm the occurrence of hybrid exchange reactions.
  • Demonstrated the joining of different liquid crystal elastomers into coherent assemblies.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated hybrid exchange reactions between dissimilar dynamic covalent bonds.
  • Created biomimetic shape-shifting structures (e.g., flying fish) and novel deformation modes (e.g., flower blooming).
  • Showcased the ability to create new materials via cross-fusion of different polymers.

Conclusions:

  • Hybrid exchange reactions provide a versatile method for joining different polymers and creating advanced materials.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of permanent cross-links and self-exchange reactions.
  • Potential applications span soft robotics, flexible electronics, biomedical devices, and fundamental polymer science.