Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance flurochloridone.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026

Same author

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance <i>Bacillus paralicheniformis</i> strain FMCH001.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026

Same author

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> strain FMCH002.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026

Same author

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance cymoxanil.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026

Same author

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance bifenazate in light of confirmatory data submitted.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026

Same author

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance proquinazid.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Investigating Long-Distance Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Wheat via a Split-Root Exposure Technique

Investigating Long-Distance Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Wheat via a Split-Root Exposure Technique

Published on: September 28, 2022

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) decrease the expression of recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) in human

Aafke W F Janssen¹, Jochem Louisse², Deborah Rijkers²

¹Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. aafke.janssen@wur.nl.

Archives of Toxicology

|November 3, 2022

Summary

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) impact B cell function by decreasing expression of RAG1 and RAG2. This study ranks PFASs by potency, revealing potential mechanisms for PFAS-induced immunotoxicity.

Keywords:

Immunotoxicity Namalwa cells PFASs RNA sequencing

More Related Videos

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Published on: August 19, 2014

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Published on: April 18, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Investigating Long-Distance Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Wheat via a Split-Root Exposure Technique

Investigating Long-Distance Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Wheat via a Split-Root Exposure Technique

Published on: September 28, 2022

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Published on: August 19, 2014

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Published on: April 18, 2019

Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Toxicology
Immunology

Background:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread environmental contaminants linked to various toxicities.
Limited understanding exists regarding the mechanisms of PFAS-induced immunotoxicity, particularly effects on B cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of PFASs on human B cell function.
To identify specific genes and pathways affected by PFAS exposure in B cells.
To determine the relative potency of different PFASs in affecting B cell gene expression.

Main Methods:

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of human Namalwa B cells exposed to PFOA.
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to interpret gene expression changes.
RT-qPCR to quantify RAG1 and RAG2 expression after exposure to PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS.
Concentration-response modeling using PROAST software.

Main Results:

PFOA exposure altered gene expression related to B cell development and primary immunodeficiency signaling.
PFOA significantly decreased the expression of RAG1 and RAG2, critical for V(D)J recombination.
A potency ranking for RAG1/RAG2 downregulation was established: PFNA > PFOA > PFOS > PFHxS.

Conclusions:

PFASs can affect B cell function by downregulating RAG1 and RAG2 expression.
These genes represent potential molecular targets mediating PFAS immunotoxicity.
The findings provide in vitro insights into PFAS-induced immunotoxic mechanisms.