Pressure-temperature control of activity of RNA polymerase ribozyme

A representative role of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) is in the storage of genetic information. In contrast, RNAs act as ribozymes that catalyze various biochemical reactions. The "RNA world" hypothesis suggests that the origin of life was RNA because a ribozyme that shows RNA replication activity has been identified. However, prebiotic conditions in the RNA world remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of high pressure and temperature on RNA replication using an RNA polymerase ribozyme tC9Y. We found that pressure accelerated the RNA replication activity of tC9Y ribozyme at higher temperatures than physiological conditions. Furthermore, molecular crowding by concentrated polyethylene glycol 200 (average molecular weight 200) synergistically enhanced the replication activity at higher pressure and temperature because the negative effect of a volumetric contribution of hydration on the tC9Y ribozyme activity decreased under crowding conditions. As a comparison, proteinaceous RNA polymerase that exists in the modern era did not show accelerated activity under high pressure and temperature. Thus, these results imply that the prebiotic conditions for the RNA world were at high pressure and temperatures under crowding conditions.