Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

24.7K
Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
24.7K
The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

25.4K
The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
25.4K
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

18.8K
Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
18.8K
Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

94.9K
Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
94.9K
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

21.3K
Overview
21.3K
What is Evolutionary History?02:35

What is Evolutionary History?

39.2K
Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
39.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A persistent influence of supernovae on biodiversity over the Phanerozoic.

Ecology and evolution·2023
Same author

Atmospheric ionization and cloud radiative forcing.

Scientific reports·2021
Same author

Diffuse sunlight and cosmic rays: Missing pieces of the forest growth change attribution puzzle?

The Science of the total environment·2021
Same author

A Cenozoic-style scenario for the end-Ordovician glaciation.

Nature communications·2014
Same author

Is the solar system's galactic motion imprinted in the Phanerozoic climate?

Scientific reports·2014
Same author

Evidence for the role of ions in aerosol nucleation.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2008
Same journal

Multiomics Profiling During Autoimmune Demyelination Highlights a Complex Regulatory Role for Ataxin-1 in B Cells.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2026
Same journal

Global Trends in Light Pollution and Their Relationship With Socioeconomic Factors.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2026
Same journal

Wired for Corruption: Inter-Brain Synchrony Encodes Bribery-Related Value Information and Predicts Bribery Agreement.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2026
Same journal

LM-YOLO: A Lightweight Multi-Scale Enhanced Model for Forest Smoke Detection Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2026
Same journal

Polyrhythm Perception and Production: A Scoping Review.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2026
Same journal

DARTS-CNN-BiLSTM: Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for Computer Numerical Control Machine Tool Feed System.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

1.0K

The Phanerozoic climate.

Nir J Shaviv1, Henrik Svensmark2, Ján Veizer3

  • 1Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|November 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores Phanerozoic Eon climate change over 540 million years, identifying geological CO2 levels and galactic cosmic rays as primary drivers of long-term climate shifts.

Keywords:
Phanerozoicatmospheric ionizationpaleoclimateseawater geochemistry

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Leaf Trait Analysis for Climate and Ecology Reconstruction in Modern and Ancient Plant Communities
10:14

Author Spotlight: Leaf Trait Analysis for Climate and Ecology Reconstruction in Modern and Ancient Plant Communities

Published on: October 25, 2024

3.8K
Impedance Pneumography for Minimally Invasive Measurement of Heart Rate in Late Stage Invertebrates
08:25

Impedance Pneumography for Minimally Invasive Measurement of Heart Rate in Late Stage Invertebrates

Published on: April 4, 2020

6.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

1.0K
Author Spotlight: Leaf Trait Analysis for Climate and Ecology Reconstruction in Modern and Ancient Plant Communities
10:14

Author Spotlight: Leaf Trait Analysis for Climate and Ecology Reconstruction in Modern and Ancient Plant Communities

Published on: October 25, 2024

3.8K
Impedance Pneumography for Minimally Invasive Measurement of Heart Rate in Late Stage Invertebrates
08:25

Impedance Pneumography for Minimally Invasive Measurement of Heart Rate in Late Stage Invertebrates

Published on: April 4, 2020

6.1K

Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Geochemistry
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Long-term climate variations significantly impact Earth's systems.
  • Reconstructing past climates relies on geological and geochemical datasets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review long-term climate variations over the last 540 million years (Phanerozoic Eon).
  • To identify and explore the primary drivers of major climate oscillations during this period.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation and summary of geological and geochemical datasets for climate reconstruction.
  • Analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) trends from geological processes.
  • Investigation of atmospheric ionization influenced by galactic environment changes.

Main Results:

  • Geological CO2 trends and galactic cosmic ray-induced atmospheric ionization are identified as major drivers of Phanerozoic climate change.
  • Albedo and geographic factors play a secondary role in long-term climate oscillations.
  • Potential issues with oxygen isotope-based temperature measurements, including variations in seawater δ18O, are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Atmospheric CO2 and galactic environment changes are key factors in Phanerozoic climate dynamics.
  • Understanding these drivers is crucial for accurate paleoclimate reconstructions.
  • Further research is needed to refine paleotemperature measurements and account for isotopic variations.