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Related Concept Videos

pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

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Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory...
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
4.7K
Introduction to Urinary System01:13

Introduction to Urinary System

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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They are partially protected by the rib cage and surrounded by perirenal fat, which provides cushioning. They are responsible for urine formation and play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. The ureters...
3.8K
Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion01:22

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

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The kidneys maintain homeostasis through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Tubular reabsorption and secretion are crucial in forming urine and regulating electrolytes, water balance, and waste elimination.Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion ProcessesTubular reabsorption is the process that reclaims essential substances such as electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and water from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream. This is achieved through passive and active transport...
80
Formation of Dilute Urine01:20

Formation of Dilute Urine

1.8K
The formation of dilute urine is a critical renal adaptation that maintains fluid balance, particularly during periods of high fluid intake. This process primarily involves the juxtamedullary nephrons. By adjusting the permeability of water and ions in response to physiological conditions, the kidneys can either conserve or excrete water, resulting in concentrated or dilute urine.
Filtrate Osmolarity in the PCT
Initially, as the filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), its...
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

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Oxalate homeostasis.

Theresa Ermer1, Lama Nazzal2, Maria Clarissa Tio3

  • 1Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Nature Reviews. Nephrology
|November 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining oxalate homeostasis is crucial for health. Disruptions lead to kidney disease and inflammation, but novel therapies show promise for managing these oxalate-related conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Metabolic pathways
  • Microbiome research

Background:

  • Oxalate homeostasis relies on a balance of endogenous sources, exogenous supply, and excretion.
  • Disruptions in metabolic pathways, microbiome, and oxalate transporters impair this balance.
  • Impaired oxalate homeostasis contributes to kidney disease, inflammation, and cardiovascular issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of oxalate homeostasis.
  • To highlight the consequences of disrupted oxalate homeostasis in various kidney diseases.
  • To explore novel therapeutic strategies for oxalate-related conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on oxalate metabolism and homeostasis.
  • Analysis of the role of metabolic pathways, microbiome, and epithelial transporters.
  • Evaluation of current and emerging therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Novel studies elucidate the roles of metabolic pathways, microbiome, and transporters in oxalate balance.
  • Disruptions are implicated in hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, oxalate nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease.
  • Emerging therapies like gene silencers, enzymes, and bacterial strains offer new treatment avenues.

Conclusions:

  • Effective elimination strategies are needed earlier in kidney disease progression.
  • Novel therapeutics, including gene silencing, enzymes, and probiotics, show significant promise.
  • Anti-inflammatory medications may also help manage oxalate-induced conditions.