Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

750
Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
750
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

1.5K
Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
1.5K
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

384
Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
384

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Screening and diagnosis tools for sarcopenia: an overview of systematic reviews.

Systematic reviews·2026
Same author

Author Correction: Acoustic metamaterials-driven transdermal drug delivery for rapid and on-demand management of acute disease.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Cannabidiol attenuates chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain through a mechanism that requires the enzyme <i>N</i> -acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD).

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Associations between lipid metabolism-related inflammation and obstructive sleep apnea risk and severity.

Sleep medicine·2026
Same author

The Evolving Landscape of Clinical Aging Clocks: From Epigenetic to Multi-Omics Integration.

Aging cell·2026
Same author

SLC16A1 Activates the STAT3/SLC7A11 Pathway to Mediate Ferroptosis Resistance and Tumor Progression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oncology research·2026
Same journal

Multifunctional material platforms for neural interfaces: active orchestration of dynamic foreign body response across implantation lifetimes.

Bioactive materials·2026
Same journal

Immune cell-derived membrane nanovesicles: A promethean fire for autoimmune disease therapy through immune cell mimicry.

Bioactive materials·2026
Same journal

Modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by pH-responsive nanozyme-like nanoparticles with high mobility for rheumatoid arthritis alleviation.

Bioactive materials·2026
Same journal

A senescent metabolism-modulating hierarchical scaffold restores NAD<sup>+</sup> homeostasis and redox balance for aged bone repair.

Bioactive materials·2026
Same journal

Intelligent responsive alloy scaffold temporally regulates the immune-osteogenic axis for the treatment of infectious bone defects.

Bioactive materials·2026
Same journal

Polymer-Zn(II) sunscreens for protection against harmful blue ray.

Bioactive materials·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
07:23

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Published on: July 29, 2014

33.5K

Engineering human spinal microphysiological systems to model opioid-induced tolerance.

Hongwei Cai1, Zheng Ao1, Chunhui Tian1

  • 1Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.

Bioactive Materials
|November 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed human spinal microphysiological systems (MPSs) to model opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia. These novel systems accurately reflect human pain mechanisms, offering a new tool for drug development.

Keywords:
In-situ electrical sensingMicrophysiological systemsNeural activityOpioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesiaOrgan-on-chipSpinal cord organoids

More Related Videos

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

18.3K
Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
09:38

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Published on: April 14, 2016

12.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
07:23

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Published on: July 29, 2014

33.5K
3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

18.3K
Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
09:38

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Published on: April 14, 2016

12.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Opioids are vital for chronic pain but can cause tolerance and hyperalgesia, limiting their effectiveness.
  • Current models inadequately represent human mechanisms of opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia.
  • Understanding these human mechanisms is crucial for developing safer and more effective pain treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer novel human spinal microphysiological systems (MPSs) for modeling human nociception and opioid-induced tolerance.
  • To integrate plug-and-play neural activity sensing for real-time measurement of neural responses.
  • To investigate the neurochemical and functional changes associated with opioid exposure in a human-relevant model.

Main Methods:

  • Development of human spinal MPSs using flattened human spinal cord organoids derived from stem cells.
  • Integration of a 3D printed holder for plug-and-play neural activity measurement.
  • Exposure of MPSs to prolonged opioid treatment to assess tolerance and hyperalgesia markers.

Main Results:

  • The flattened organoid design improved neuron maturation, neural activity, and functional development while reducing hypoxia and necrosis.
  • Prolonged opioid exposure induced neurochemical changes indicative of tolerance and hyperalgesia, including altered neural activity.
  • Downregulation of μ-opioid receptor expression was observed following sustained opioid treatment in the MPSs.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered human spinal MPSs provide a scalable, cost-effective, and user-friendly platform for studying human pain.
  • These systems accurately model opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia, offering a significant advancement over existing methods.
  • The MPSs demonstrate translational potential for pain etiology research, drug screening, and therapeutic validation in pain medicine.