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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor
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Calcium/calmodulin-mediated microbial symbiotic interactions in plants.

Peiguo Yuan1, Feixiong Luo2, Cynthia Gleason3

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|November 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium signaling regulates plant-microbe symbioses. Distinct calcium signatures control root nodulation and mycorrhizal development by activating key proteins like calmodulin and CCaMK.

Keywords:
Ca2+ signalinglocal and systematic signalingmycorrhizal developmentplant-beneficial microbe interactionrhizobial nodulation

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A Hydroponic Co-cultivation System for Simultaneous and Systematic Analysis of Plant/Microbe Molecular Interactions and Signaling
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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular signaling
  • Symbiotic interactions

Background:

  • Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as crucial second messengers in plant cells.
  • Root symbioses with microbes like rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are vital for nutrient acquisition.
  • Specific calcium signatures are known to regulate plant development and stress responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding calcium signaling during plant-microbe symbioses.
  • To highlight the role of calcium transients and oscillations in root nodulation and mycorrhizal interactions.
  • To introduce the molecular mechanisms of Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated signaling in symbiosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on calcium signaling in plant-microbe symbioses.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involving calcium, calmodulin (CaM), and CCaMK.
  • Examination of distinct calcium signatures at different symbiotic stages.

Main Results:

  • Cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients and nuclear Ca2+ oscillations are key regulators in symbiotic events.
  • Plant perception of microbial signals (Nod factors, fungal signals) triggers nuclear Ca2+ oscillations.
  • Activated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) phosphorylates transcription factors, initiating downstream signaling.
  • Specific Ca2+ signatures correlate with different symbiotic stages: colonization, nodule formation, and mycorrhizal development.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium signaling is a central mechanism fine-tuning both local and systemic symbiotic events.
  • The Ca2+/CaM/CCaMK pathway plays a critical role in mediating plant responses to symbiotic microbes.
  • Understanding these Ca2+ dynamics provides insights into optimizing plant-microbe interactions for agricultural benefits.