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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Monkeypox infection: The past, present, and future.

Shubham Upadhayay1, Richmond Arthur1, Divya Soni1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India.

International Immunopharmacology
|November 4, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Monkeypox, a reemerging zoonotic virus, spreads through direct contact. Current treatments offer symptomatic relief, but a definitive cure for monkeypox is still needed.

Keywords:
EtiopathologyInfectionMonkeypoxPreventionTherapeutic targetsVaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease historically endemic to West and Central Africa.
  • The virus (MPXV) shares etiological similarities with smallpox and has caused outbreaks outside endemic regions.
  • Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected animals, persons, or through intimate human contact.

Observation:

  • Smallpox vaccines present challenges for monkeypox treatment.
  • Antivirals like cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat are used for symptomatic relief and lesion management.
  • Despite recent global outbreaks, a definitive cure for monkeypox remains elusive.

Findings:

  • The review focuses on monkeypox etiopathology, transmission routes, and current therapeutic strategies.
  • Existing treatments primarily address symptoms and lesion reversal, not a cure.
  • There is a critical need for enhanced diagnostic tools, immunizations, and effective antiviral medications.

Implications:

  • Increased global awareness of monkeypox transmission is crucial.
  • Development of novel diagnostic procedures, vaccines, and targeted antiviral therapies is urgently required.
  • Addressing these gaps is essential to control the spread of this reemerging viral threat.