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HIV Increases the Risk of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema Through MMP-9.
Bashar S Staitieh1, Simran Malik2, Sara C Auld1,3
1Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)
|November 4, 2022
Summary
HIV and smoking together worsen emphysema risk by increasing MMP-9. This study shows HIV proteins and cigarette smoke elevate MMP-9 levels, contributing to lung damage in rats and humans.
Area of Science:
- Pulmonology
- Virology
- Toxicology
Background:
- HIV infection elevates emphysema risk.
- Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is implicated in lung tissue remodeling and emphysema.
- HIV increases oxidative stress in the lungs, a factor linked to MMP-9 activity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate if HIV proteins exacerbate cigarette smoke-induced emphysema via MMP-9.
- To determine the role of MMP-9 in the combined effects of HIV and smoking on lung health.
Main Methods:
- HIV-1 transgenic rats and wild-type rats were exposed to cigarette smoke or sham for 8 weeks.
- Lung function and histology were evaluated. MMP-9 levels were measured in alveolar macrophages, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum.
- Human serum samples from individuals with and without HIV and smoking history were analyzed for MMP-9.
Main Results:
- HIV protein Tat exposure increased MMP-9 expression in rat alveolar macrophages.
- HIV-1 transgenic rats exposed to cigarette smoke developed emphysema, unlike wild-type rats.
- Elevated MMP-9 levels were observed in HIV-1 transgenic rats and in human smokers with HIV.
Conclusions:
- The combination of HIV and cigarette smoke significantly increases MMP-9 expression.
- Both HIV and cigarette smoke contribute to alveolar oxidative stress, leading to increased MMP-9 activity and emphysema risk.
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