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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C
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Telomeric chromatin structure.

Aghil Soman1, Nikolay Korolev1, Lars Nordenskiöld2

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|November 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent studies reveal the molecular and ultrastructural organization of telomeric nucleosomes and chromatin. Advances in understanding the structure and function of key protein complexes like shelterin, telomerase, and CST are also discussed.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Chromatin Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic DNA is organized into nucleosomes, which are further condensed into chromosomes.
  • Telomeres, the protective caps of chromosomes, are crucial in aging and cancer.
  • Recent breakthroughs have enhanced our understanding of nucleosomal and telomeric chromatin structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss recent advances in the organization of telomeric nucleosomes and chromatin.
  • To highlight progress in the structural understanding of key telomere-binding protein complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent molecular and structural studies on telomeric chromatin.
  • Analysis of findings related to nucleosome organization at telomeres.
  • Examination of structural and functional data for shelterin, telomerase, and CST complexes.

Main Results:

  • Detailed insights into the ultrastructural organization and atomic structure of nucleosomes at telomeres.
  • Understanding of the dynamic properties and higher-order packaging of telomeric chromatin.
  • Significant progress in elucidating the structure, function, and organization of shelterin, telomerase, and CST complexes.

Conclusions:

  • Recent research has significantly advanced the understanding of telomeric chromatin organization at a molecular and structural level.
  • The structural insights into shelterin, telomerase, and CST complexes provide a foundation for further research into telomere biology.