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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential
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Where is bone science taking us?

Bente L Langdahl1, André G Uitterlinden2, Stuart H Ralston3

  • 1Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
|November 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent bone science advances reveal genetic and environmental factors influencing bone metabolism. Discoveries are driving new treatments for osteoporosis and rare bone diseases, with potential roles for gut microbiome and genetic risk scores.

Keywords:
GeneticsGut microbiomeHypophosphatemic ricketsOsteoporosisPaget's disease of bone

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Area of Science:

  • Bone biology and mineral metabolism research.

Background:

  • Decades of research have elucidated key pathways in bone and mineral metabolism, including genetic and environmental interactions.
  • Discoveries have spurred pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis and rare bone diseases.
  • Emerging research highlights the gut microbiome's role in bone mass regulation, prompting investigations into probiotics for osteoporosis prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advances in bone science, focusing on genetic factors, bone metabolism, and therapeutic interventions.
  • To highlight the identification of genes causing rare bone diseases and the development of targeted therapies.
  • To discuss the genetic basis of common polygenic bone diseases like osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone (PDB).

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on bone metabolism, genetics, and microbiome research.
  • Analysis of advancements in identifying causative genes for rare and common bone diseases.
  • Exploration of the application of polygenic profiles in genetic risk scores and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in understanding genetic and environmental influences on bone health.
  • Development of pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis and rare bone disorders.
  • Identification of potential therapeutic strategies involving the gut microbiome and genetic risk profiling.

Conclusions:

  • Bone science has yielded crucial insights into metabolism, genetics, and environmental factors.
  • Genetic discoveries are enabling targeted therapies for bone diseases.
  • Future directions include leveraging genetic risk scores and microbiome research for enhanced bone disease management.