The host niches of soybean rather than genetic modification or glyphosate application drive the assembly of...

Plant roots significantly influence soil microbial diversity, and soil microorganisms play significant roles in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although the genetically modified (GM) crops with enhanced insect and herbicide resistance are thought to have unmatched yield and stress resistance advantages, thorough and in-depth case studies still need to be carried out in a real-world setting due to the potential effects of GM plants on soil microbial communities. In this study, three treatments were used: a recipient soybean variety Jack, a triple transgenic soybean line JD321, and the glyphosate-treated JD321 (JD321G). Three sampling stages (flowering, seed filling and maturing), as well as three host niches of soybean rhizosphere [intact roots (RT), rhizospheric soil (RS) and surrounding soil (SS)] were established. In comparison to Jack, the rhizospheric soil of JD321G had higher urease activity and lower nitrite reductase at the flowering stage. Different treatments and different sampling stages existed no significant effects on the compositions of microbial communities at different taxonomic levels. However, at the genus level, the relative abundance of three plant growth-promoting fungal genera (i.e. Mortierella, Chaetomium and Pseudombrophila) increased while endophytic bacteria Chryseobacterium and pathogenic bacteria Streptomyces decreased from the inside to the outside of the roots (i.e. RT → RS → SS). Moreover, two bacterial genera, Bradyrhizobium and Ensifer were more abundant in RT than in RS and SS, as well as three species, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Ensifer fredii and Ensifer meliloti, which are closely related to nitrogen-fixation. Furthermore, five clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) associated to nitrogen-fixation genes were higher in RT than in RS, whereas only one COG annotated as dinitrogenase iron-molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein was lower. Overall, the results imply that the rhizosphere host niches throughout the soil-plant continuum largely control the composition and function of the root-associated microbiome of triple transgenic soybean.