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01:26Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview
2.4K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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01:26Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry
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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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01:06Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview
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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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01:17Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry
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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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01:20Fates of Pyruvate
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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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Paired electrocatalysis in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural valorization.
Dalong Qu1, Shuijian He2, Lianhua Chen1
1Country Enterprise Technology Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
Frontiers in Chemistry
|November 7, 2022
Summary
This review explores paired electrocatalysis for converting biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into valuable products. It highlights advancements in integrating HMF electrohydrogenation with HMF electrooxidation for improved efficiency.
Area of Science:
- Green Chemistry and Sustainable Catalysis
- Electrochemical Biomass Conversion
- Renewable Energy and Materials Science
Background:
- 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a key biomass-derived platform chemical with significant potential for producing value-added products.
- Traditional HMF conversion methods often rely on noble metal catalysts and demanding operational conditions, posing environmental and economic challenges.
- Electrocatalytic conversion offers a greener alternative but faces limitations in energy efficiency and conversion rates.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an overview of coupled electrocatalytic strategies for 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) conversion.
- To discuss recent advances and challenges in paired electrolysis, specifically integrating HMF electrohydrogenation with HMF electrooxidation.
- To propose a future outlook for sustainable biomass upgrading using electrocatalysis.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on paired electrocatalytic systems for HMF upgrading.
- Analysis of electrocatalysts employed in coupled HMF hydrogenation or hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with HMF oxidation.
- Discussion of strategies to enhance energy efficiency and conversion completeness in electrocatalytic HMF processes.
Main Results:
- Paired electrolysis, combining HMF hydrogenation/HER with HMF oxidation, presents a promising approach to overcome limitations of individual electrocatalytic processes.
- Efficient electrocatalysts are crucial for achieving high overall energy efficiency and complete conversion in coupled HMF upgrading.
- Integration of HMF electrohydrogenation and electrooxidation within a paired electrolysis framework shows significant potential for sustainable chemical synthesis.
Conclusions:
- Paired electrocatalysis is a viable and environmentally benign strategy for the efficient conversion of biomass-derived HMF.
- Further development of highly efficient electrocatalysts and optimized paired electrolysis systems is essential for practical applications.
- Electrocatalysis holds significant promise for establishing a sustainable future for biomass upgrading.