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Related Concept Videos

What is Metabolism?00:52

What is Metabolism?

Overview
Protein Digestion01:02

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of polypeptide chains. After polypeptide chains are broken into individual amino acids by a series of digestive enzymes, the amino acids are transported to the liver via the bloodstream to produce energy.
Drug Distribution: Plasma Protein Binding01:29

Drug Distribution: Plasma Protein Binding

Drugs predominantly attach to plasma proteins, with only a small percentage remaining unbound. The unbound portion can be calculated as one minus the bound fraction. Acidic drugs form large, inactive complexes by reversibly binding to plasma albumin, which prevents them from diffusing across biological barriers. These drug-protein complexes act as reservoirs for the drugs. As the concentration of unbound drugs decreases, these complexes quickly dissociate to release the free drug, maintaining...
Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...
Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes
15:43

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

Published on: January 7, 2013

Human complement protein D catabolism by the rat kidney.

P W Sanders, J E Volanakis, S G Rostand

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |April 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    The kidney catabolizes Factor D (D), an essential complement pathway protein, through glomerular filtration and proximal tubule reabsorption. This reabsorption process appears to be saturable, indicating a specific renal handling mechanism for Factor D.

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Immunology
    • Complement System Biology

    Background:

    • Factor D (D) is a critical enzyme in the alternative complement pathway.
    • Understanding the renal handling and catabolism of Factor D is important for its physiological role.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether the kidney catabolizes human Factor D.
    • To determine the specific site of Factor D catabolism within the kidney.

    Main Methods:

    • In vivo microperfusion of rat nephrons with radiolabeled human Factor D (125I-D).
    • In vitro perfusion of isolated rat kidneys with 125I-D.
    • Varying perfusion rates, Factor D concentrations, and blocking glomerular filtration.

    Main Results:

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    Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
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    • Renal recovery of 125I-D increased with higher tubule fluid flow rates and perfusate concentrations, suggesting reabsorption.
    • 125I-D recovery was significantly less than inulin recovery in proximal perfusions, indicating filtration and reabsorption.
    • In isolated perfused kidneys, a significant portion of the decrease in perfusate 125I-D was catabolized by the kidney.
    • Blocking glomerular filtration prevented the decline of intact 125I-D, confirming filtration as the initial step.

    Conclusions:

    • Human Factor D is catabolized by the kidney.
    • The primary mechanism involves glomerular filtration followed by reabsorption in the proximal nephron.
    • Factor D reabsorption by the proximal tubule is a saturable process.