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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
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Overview
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Heritability01:06

Heritability

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Heritability is a statistical concept that measures the degree to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to trait variations within a population. It is a fundamental idea in genetics, often prone to misinterpretation. Heritability is expressed as a percentage, reflecting the proportion of variation in a specific trait across a population that can be linked to genetic differences. However, it's important to understand that heritability does not determine how "genetic"...
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Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
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Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Multiple Allele Traits01:49

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi
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Genomic evaluations for crossbred dairy cattle.

B L Harris1

  • 1Livestock Improvement Corporation Ltd., Private Bag 3016, Hamilton 3140, New Zealand.

JDS Communications
|November 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

New Zealand

Area of Science:

  • Dairy cattle genetics
  • Animal breeding and genetics
  • Genomic evaluation

Background:

  • High crossbreeding rates in New Zealand dairy cattle due to specific farm systems.
  • Historical development of across-breed genetic and genomic evaluations in New Zealand since 1996.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review genomic evaluations for crossbreed dairy cattle in New Zealand.
  • To detail the implementation and validation of the current across-breed single-step marker model (SSMM).
  • To outline future research directions for improving genomic evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Description of the New Zealand dairy cow population and farm systems.
  • Historical overview of genetic and genomic evaluation methods.
  • Implementation details of the single-step marker model (SSMM), including data, solving methods, and breed accounting.

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  • Summary of validation results for the SSMM.

    • Main Results:

    • The current SSMM implementation effectively handles multiple breeds and crosses in genomic evaluations.
    • Validation studies confirm the accuracy and reliability of the across-breed genomic evaluations.
    • The review provides a comprehensive overview of genomic evaluation practices in New Zealand.

    Conclusions:

    • Genomic evaluations for crossbreed dairy cattle in New Zealand are well-established.
    • Ongoing research aims to further enhance the accuracy and scope of these evaluations.
    • The SSMM provides a robust framework for managing genetic diversity and improvement in crossbred populations.