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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition
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High Current Density Oxygen Evolution in Carbonate Buffered Solution Achieved by Active Site Densification and

Takeshi Nishimoto1, Tatsuya Shinagawa1, Takahiro Naito1

  • 1Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Chemsuschem
|November 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis was achieved at high current densities using optimized electrolytes and electrodes. Introducing copper or gold enhanced nickel-iron oxide electrocatalyst performance in near-neutral conditions.

Keywords:
electrocatalysiselectrochemistryhigh current densitynickel-iron oxideoxygen evolution reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for energy conversion technologies.
  • Achieving high OER performance typically requires extreme alkaline conditions.
  • Developing efficient OER electrocatalysts under non-extreme pH is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate high current density OER performance at non-extreme pH levels.
  • To investigate the effect of electrolyte composition and electrode modification on OER efficiency.
  • To understand the mechanism behind performance enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical testing of nickel-iron oxide electrocatalysts in potassium carbonate solutions.
  • Electrode modification via electrodeposition with copper or gold.
  • Electrolyte optimization and assessment at pH 10.5 and 353 K.
  • Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 1 A cm⁻² OER current density at 1.53 V vs. RHE.
  • Demonstrated stable performance for 90 hours in a pH 10.5 solution.
  • Observed performance improvement with Cu or Au incorporation into Ni-FeOx electrodes.
  • Identified enhanced electrochemical surface area as the primary factor for performance improvement.

Conclusions:

  • High OER efficiency can be achieved at non-extreme pH levels by optimizing electrolytes and electrodes.
  • Ternary element addition (Cu, Au) to Ni-FeOx enhances OER performance primarily by increasing surface area.
  • This work offers a pathway for developing efficient OER catalysts under milder conditions.