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Related Concept Videos

Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

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When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
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Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

Vapor Pressure of Fluid

1.4K
The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
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Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
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Evaporation-driven liquid flow in sessile droplets.

Hanneke Gelderblom1,2, Christian Diddens3,2, Alvaro Marin3,2

  • 1Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands. h.gelderblom@tue.nl.

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|November 7, 2022
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Summary

Evaporation of sessile droplets creates internal liquid flow, crucial for controlling material deposition in drying stains. This phenomenon is vital across diverse scientific fields, from nanotechnology to forensics.

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Last Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Sessile droplet evaporation drives internal capillary flow due to surface tension gradients.
  • This flow influences material deposition patterns in drying stains.
  • Understanding this phenomenon is critical for applications in printing, DNA analysis, forensics, and nanotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To unify scattered knowledge on evaporation-driven flows in sessile droplets.
  • To review recent experimental and theoretical advances in the field.
  • To identify and address misconceptions and outline future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing experimental data and theoretical models.
  • Analysis of fluid dynamics principles governing droplet evaporation.
  • Synthesis of findings from diverse scientific disciplines.

Main Results:

  • Evaporation-induced Marangoni flow is a primary driver of liquid motion.
  • Flow patterns significantly impact the morphology and composition of dried residues.
  • Current understanding is fragmented, with ongoing research addressing complex interactions.

Conclusions:

  • A unified understanding of sessile droplet evaporation-driven flows is needed.
  • Recent advances provide new insights into controlling material deposition.
  • Further interdisciplinary research is essential to fully harness this phenomenon.