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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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Midbrain dopamine neurons arbiter OCD-like behavior.

Jinwen Xue1, Dandan Qian1, Bingqian Zhang2

  • 1Minister of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) control repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by modulating striatal and cortical circuits. This dual gating mechanism offers new therapeutic targets for OCD.

Keywords:
OCDSNcdopaminergic modulationexcessive self-groomingneural circuits

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Area of Science:

  • Neurobiology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves disrupted frontostriatal circuits and monoamine signaling.
  • Repetitive behaviors, a key OCD symptom, are linked to dopamine (DA) signaling, but specific circuits are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the precise brain circuits through which dopamine (DA) controls repetitive behaviors in OCD.

Main Methods:

  • Identified DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) that influence self-grooming behavior.
  • Investigated the roles of SNc projections to the ventromedial striatum (VMS) and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC).

Main Results:

  • SNc-VMS dopaminergic projections promote grooming via D1 receptors.
  • SNc-lOFC dopaminergic projections suppress grooming via D2 receptors.
  • SNc DA neuron activity differentially modulates grooming and striatal microcircuits.

Conclusions:

  • SNc DA neurons act as a dual gate, controlling OCD-like behaviors through both striatal and cortical pathways.
  • Findings support novel pharmacological and brain-stimulation treatments for OCD.