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Cardiovascular autonomic modulation during passive heating protocols: a systematic review.

Felipe Castro Ferreira1, Michelle Cristina Salabert Vaz Padilha1, Teresa Mell da Mota Silva Rocha1

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.

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Summary

Passive heating protocols impact cardiovascular autonomic control. Whole-body heat may increase sympathetic activity and reduce vagal tone, while local heating and sauna bathing appear to enhance vagal modulation.

Keywords:
baroreflexcardiovascular controlheart rate variabilityheat therapyhyperthermiathermal therapythermoregulation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Autonomic Nervous System Regulation
  • Thermal Physiology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular autonomic control is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
  • Passive heating protocols are increasingly studied for their physiological effects.
  • Understanding the impact of heat on autonomic function is important for health and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of passive heating on cardiovascular autonomic control in healthy individuals.
  • To synthesize findings on heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (SBPV), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS).
  • To assess the risk of bias in relevant studies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of MEDLINE, LILACS, EUROPE PMC, and SCOPUS.
  • Inclusion of studies using passive heating and assessing cardiovascular autonomic control via spontaneous methods (HRV, SBPV, BRS).
  • Risk of bias assessment using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB-2).

Main Results:

  • Twenty-seven studies were included.
  • Whole-body heating reduced cardiac vagal modulation in most studies.
  • Local heating and sauna bathing suggested increased cardiac vagal modulation.
  • Whole-body heating often reduced baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), though findings were controversial.

Conclusions:

  • Whole-body heat stress may increase sympathetic and decrease vagal modulation.
  • Local heating and sauna bathing may enhance vagal modulation, counteracting sympathetic effects.
  • Further research is needed on acute and chronic effects of thermal therapy on cardiovascular autonomic control.