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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

Published on: August 6, 2020

Current approaches to malaria vaccines.

Patrick E Duffy¹

¹Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Current Opinion in Microbiology

|November 7, 2022

Summary

This review explores malaria vaccine strategies targeting different Plasmodium life cycle stages to prevent infection, reduce disease, and eliminate malaria. It highlights the RTS,S vaccine and emerging candidates for improved efficacy.

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Last Updated: Aug 22, 2025

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Parasitology
Vaccinology

Background:

The Plasmodium parasite's complex life cycle presents multiple targets for vaccine development.
Different vaccine strategies aim to prevent infection, reduce disease severity, or block transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current and emerging malaria vaccine approaches targeting various parasite stages.
To discuss the rationale, efficacy, and future directions of malaria vaccine research.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on Plasmodium vaccine strategies.
Analysis of clinical trial data and biological mechanisms.
Focus on pre-erythrocytic, blood-stage, and transmission-blocking vaccines.

Main Results:

The RTS,S vaccine (Mosquirix) is recommended for children, reducing clinical malaria.
Vaccines targeting pre-erythrocytic stages can prevent infection.
Blood-stage and transmission-blocking vaccines offer complementary strategies.

Conclusions:

Advances in parasite biology and immunology are driving innovation in malaria vaccine development.
New vaccine candidates targeting different Plasmodium stages are advancing towards clinical testing.
A combination of strategies may be necessary for malaria elimination.