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MODFLOW 6 accurately simulates groundwater flow through complex sedimentary structures, unlike older versions. New methods improve accuracy, though steep dips on offset grids still pose challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrogeology
  • Computational modeling
  • Geological engineering

Background:

  • Groundwater flow is governed by sedimentary structures with unique geometries and anisotropic hydraulic conductivity.
  • Traditional finite-difference simulators struggle with irregular, dipping, and anisotropic structures due to simplified conductivity tensors.
  • This limitation has led modelers to favor finite-element codes for their advanced meshing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the capability of MODFLOW 6 to accurately compute groundwater flow through complex sedimentary structures.
  • To compare the performance of MODFLOW 6 against its predecessors for simulating flow in dipping geological formations.
  • To identify limitations and areas for further investigation in simulating groundwater flow in heterogeneous geological settings.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel benchmark and case study to test groundwater flow simulations.
  • Applied previous versions of MODFLOW and MODFLOW 6 to models with dipping sedimentary structures.
  • Investigated the impact of grid discretization and the XT3D capability in MODFLOW 6.
  • Examined simulations on vertically offset grids, particularly for steep dips and high conductivity contrasts.

Main Results:

  • Previous MODFLOW versions significantly over or underestimated fluxes in dipping structures.
  • Effective conductivity of a 30° dipping layer (100:1 ratio) was reduced to 2% of input value in older versions.
  • MODFLOW 6, with XT3D and flexible discretization, demonstrated superior accuracy for complex sedimentary structures.
  • Accuracy loss remains a concern on vertically offset grids with steep dips and high conductivity contrasts.

Conclusions:

  • MODFLOW 6 offers a significant improvement for simulating groundwater flow in complex geological settings compared to older versions.
  • While MODFLOW 6 enhances accuracy, vertically offset grids with steep dips require further investigation for reliable simulation.
  • The study highlights the importance of advanced numerical methods for accurately representing geological heterogeneity in groundwater models.