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Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
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Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice
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[IgA nephropathy]

Yngvar Lunde Haaskjold1, Thomas Knoop1

  • 1Seksjon for nyresykdommer, Medisinsk klinikk, Haukeland universitetssjukehus, og, Klinisk institutt 1, Universitetet i Bergen.

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke
|November 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is a leading cause of kidney failure. Research is advancing, offering hope for targeted treatments beyond supportive care for this common kidney disease.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide.
  • It frequently causes severe kidney failure in young adults.
  • Pathophysiology remains poorly understood despite over 50 years since identification.

Approach:

  • This clinical review details the investigation, treatment, and prognostic assessments for IgA nephropathy.
  • It outlines the patient care pathway, starting from general practice to specialist nephrologist assessment.
  • Highlights ongoing clinical drug trials offering hope for future targeted therapies.

Key Points:

  • Kidney biopsy is the diagnostic standard for IgA nephropathy.
  • Current management relies on supportive therapy; targeted treatments are lacking.

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  • Numerous clinical trials are underway, exploring novel therapeutic options.

    • Conclusions:

    • IgA nephropathy requires comprehensive diagnostic and prognostic evaluation.
    • Advances in understanding and treatment are anticipated due to ongoing research and clinical trials.
    • Early nephrologist involvement is crucial for optimal patient management.