Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

4.1K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
4.1K
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

4.9K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
4.9K
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

525
In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
525
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

695
Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
695
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

3.0K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
3.0K
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

622
Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
622

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The role of monoclonal antibodies against IL-6 or IL-6R in the treatment of thyroid eye disease.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders·2026
Same author

What has changed in thyroid eye disease in the last five years (2020-2025).

European thyroid journal·2026
Same author

Horizon scanning from panel discussions at the EUGOGO Global TED Forum 2025 London.

Eye (London, England)·2026
Same author

Successful outcome of Rituximab treatment based on lymphocyte immunophenotyping in active Thyroid Eye Disease: a case report.

Thyroid research·2025
Same author

Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid eye disease successfully treated with a single low dose of rituximab.

European thyroid journal·2024
Same author

Response to Letter to the Editor From Lui et al: "Increased Risk of Thyroid Eye Disease Following COVID-19 Vaccination".

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2023
Same journal

Children's neurodevelopment at school age after hysterosalpingography with iodinated contrast: a cohort study.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same journal

Bone phenotype of patients with genetic forms of lipodystrophy: a systematic review of literature.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same journal

The Extra X Chromosome and Autoimmune Susceptibility in Klinefelter Syndrome.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same journal

Pathophysiology-Based Classification of Male Infertility: Evidence from an 800-patient Prospective Cohort.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same journal

Parathyroid Carcinoma: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Multidisciplinary Management.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same journal

Genetic and Clinical Factors Associated With Metformin Plasma Concentrations Following an Acute Metformin Challenge.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

595

Future Projections in Thyroid Eye Disease.

Giuseppe Barbesino1, Mario Salvi2, Suzanne K Freitag3

  • 1Thyroid Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|November 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emerging therapies for thyroid eye disease (TED) show promise, with teprotumumab offering significant improvements in active TED. Further research will clarify the role of new treatments alongside traditional immune suppression.

Keywords:
Graves’ diseaseTSH receptorglucocorticoidsinsulin-like growth factor 1 receptorteprotumumabthyroid autoimmunitythyroid eye disease

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

714
An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

595
Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

714
An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) pathogenesis is increasingly understood, driving development of novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Current treatments for TED include surgery for chronic cases and glucocorticoids for acute phases, but these have limitations.
  • Emerging therapies aim to address unmet needs in TED management, offering new hope for patients.

Approach:

  • A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature on recent translational studies and clinical trials for TED treatment was conducted.
  • PubMed searches utilized keywords such as "thyroid eye disease," "Graves' ophthalmopathy," and "thyroid orbitopathy."
  • Analysis focused on novel therapeutic targets and their clinical efficacy in managing TED.

Key Points:

  • Teprotumumab, an IGF-1R inhibitor, demonstrates significant efficacy in active TED, improving proptosis, diplopia, and quality of life.
  • Monoclonal antibodies like rituximab and tocilizumab show promise in inactivating TED.
  • Emerging therapies in trials include TSH receptor inhibitors, RVT-1401, and local anti-VEGF treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in understanding TED molecular mechanisms have led to promising new therapies with improved patient outcomes.
  • The full therapeutic role of novel agents and their integration with existing immune suppression strategies requires further investigation.
  • Future research will focus on clarifying the long-term efficacy and safety of these emerging TED treatments.