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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Telomeres and Telomerase.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology·2026
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TERRA R-loops trigger a switch in telomere maintenance towards break-induced replication and PRIMPOL-dependent repair.

The EMBO journal·2025
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Spotiflow: accurate and efficient spot detection for fluorescence microscopy with deep stereographic flow regression.

Nature methods·2025
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Oxidative stress at telomeres triggers internal DNA loops, TRF1 dissociation, and TRF2-dependent R-loops.

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TERRA long noncoding RNA: At the interphase of telomere damage, rescue and signaling.

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The THO complex counteracts TERRA R-loop-mediated telomere fragility in telomerase+ cells and telomeric recombination in ALT+ cells.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advanced Single-Molecule Techniques for Investigating Telomeric Protein-DNA Interactions
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Author Spotlight: Advanced Single-Molecule Techniques for Investigating Telomeric Protein-DNA Interactions

Published on: August 30, 2024

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TFIIH moonlighting at telomeres.

Galina Glousker1, Joachim Lingner1

  • 1Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Genes & Development
|November 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

TFIIH aids telomere replication, a crucial process for genome stability. This transcription factor, recruited by TRF1, performs a new role at telomeres, preventing DNA damage and loss.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Telomeres are essential for chromosome stability but are prone to shortening during aging.
  • Replication of telomeric DNA is challenging for cellular machinery, necessitating specialized factors.
  • Telomere dysfunction can lead to genomic instability and cellular senescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of TFIIH in telomere replication.
  • To identify the mechanism by which TFIIH is recruited to telomeres.
  • To understand the novel function of TFIIH at telomeres.

Main Methods:

  • Yeast-3-hybrid assays
  • Immunofluorescence microscopy
  • Telomere length measurements
Keywords:
TFIIHTRF1fragile telomerereplicationshelterintelomere

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  • DNA replication assays

    • Main Results:

    • TFIIH is recruited to telomeres via interaction with the shelterin component TRF1.
    • TFIIH facilitates the replication of telomeric DNA.
    • TFIIH plays a "moonlighting" role at telomeres, distinct from its known functions in transcription and repair.

    Conclusions:

    • TFIIH is a novel factor involved in ensuring complete replication of telomeres.
    • TRF1-mediated recruitment of TFIIH to telomeres is critical for its function in replication.
    • This discovery expands our understanding of telomere maintenance and genome stability.