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Updated: Aug 22, 2025

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Hydrogel-based printing strategy for high-performance flexible thermoelectric generators.

Bo Wu1, Jixin Geng1, Yujie Lin1

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China. hcy@dhu.edu.cn.

Nanoscale
|November 9, 2022
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Summary

A novel hydrogel-based printing method enables flexible thermoelectric generators with minimal performance loss. This technique overcomes conductivity issues in printed thermoelectric films, paving the way for advanced wearable electronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Harvesting
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Flexible thermoelectric (TE) devices offer potential for microelectronic energy supply and wearable sensing by converting temperature differences into electrical energy.
  • Current printing methods for flexible TE films are hindered by reduced electrical conductivity due to organic binders in pastes, limiting performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a hydrogel-based printing strategy for fabricating high-performance flexible thermoelectric generators.
  • To address the conductivity decrease issue in printed thermoelectric materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a hydrogel network formed by carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (0.498 wt%) to stabilize 1D nanorod dispersions.
  • Employed a printing strategy to deposit flexible TE generators onto various flexible substrates.
  • Fabricated a 72-couple TE device using the hydrogel-based printing method.

Main Results:

  • The hydrogel network effectively limited nanorod dispersion fluidity, resulting in <5% decline in electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient compared to pure inorganic nanorod films.
  • The printed TE device achieved a high power density of 1.278 W m-2 under a 50 K temperature difference.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of hydrogel-based printing for fabricating functional flexible TE devices.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogel-based printing is a promising technique for creating flexible thermoelectric generators with excellent performance.
  • This approach minimizes performance degradation caused by printing processes, enhancing applicability in wearable electronics.