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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Subclinical HMOD in Hypertension: Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction.

Fabio Bertacchini1, Claudia Agabiti Rosei1, Giacomo Buso1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, 2a Medicina-ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, University of Brescia, 25100, Brescia, Italy.

High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention : the Official Journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension
|November 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Arterial hypertension can cause organ damage, particularly affecting the heart. This review details diagnosing and treating diastolic dysfunction, a key indicator of hypertension-related cardiac changes.

Keywords:
Antihypertensive treatmentArterial hypertensionDiastolic dysfunctionHeart failure preserved ejection fraction

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal events.
  • Hypertension-induced organ damage (HMOD) has prognostic importance and impacts treatment decisions.
  • Cardiac structure and function alterations are the most frequently evaluated HMOD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diagnostic methods for diastolic dysfunction.
  • To discuss the prognostic significance of diastolic dysfunction in hypertension.
  • To outline treatment strategies for diastolic dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic tools for diastolic dysfunction.
  • Analysis of studies on the prognostic value of diastolic dysfunction.
  • Synthesis of current treatment guidelines for hypertension-related diastolic dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Diastolic dysfunction is a common manifestation of HMOD.
  • Early detection and management of diastolic dysfunction are crucial.
  • Treatment of hypertension and diastolic dysfunction can improve outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Diastolic dysfunction is a significant HMOD with prognostic implications.
  • Comprehensive assessment and tailored treatment are essential for hypertensive patients.
  • Addressing diastolic dysfunction is key to preventing adverse cardiovascular events.