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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

Trace elements and the thyroid.

Qing Zhou¹, Shuai Xue¹, Li Zhang²

¹Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery Center, The Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.

Frontiers in Endocrinology

|November 10, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Trace elements like iodine and selenium are crucial for thyroid health, impacting metabolism and disease risk. Understanding their balance is key to preventing thyroid disorders and tumors.

Keywords:

autoimmune thyroid diseases hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism thyroid trace elements

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Nutritional Science
Toxicology

Background:

Trace elements are essential for human metabolism and thyroid hormone synthesis.
Iodine and selenium (Se) are vital, while other minerals like iron (Ir), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) may also influence thyroid function.
Imbalances in trace elements can disrupt thyroid function, potentially leading to autoimmune diseases and tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review recent literature on the relationship between trace elements and thyroid function.
To provide a theoretical basis for future research into trace element-mediated thyroid disorders.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of recently published studies.
Analysis of the role of various trace elements in thyroid metabolism and disease.

Main Results:

Trace elements play a critical role in thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism.
Disturbances in the dynamic balance of trace elements are linked to abnormal thyroid function, autoimmunity, and tumors.
The precise mechanisms linking many trace elements to thyroid disorders require further investigation.

Conclusions:

Trace elements are integral to maintaining normal thyroid function.
Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the complex interactions between trace elements and thyroid health and disease.