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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Fabricating Highly Open Porous Microspheres HOPMs via Microfluidic Technology
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Developing Porous Ortho- and Pyrophosphate-Containing Glass Microspheres; Structural and Cytocompatibility

Ben Milborne1, Lauren Murrell1, Ian Cardillo-Zallo2

  • 1Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

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Novel phosphate-based glass microspheres show promise for bone regeneration. Tailoring phosphate content enhances bioactivity and cytocompatibility, making them ideal for orthobiologic applications.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Phosphate-based glasses (PBGs) mimic bone's inorganic components, offering potential for bone repair.
  • PBG formulation can be adjusted to control degradation and ion release for cellular responses like osteogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To formulate novel invert-PBGs with varying phosphate content (30-40 mol%).
  • To process these PBGs into highly porous microspheres (PMS) via flame spheroidisation.
  • To evaluate the structural, compositional, ion release, and in vitro bioactivity of the PMS for bone regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of PBGs with varying phosphate content (xP2O5·(56-x)CaO·24MgO·20Na2O).
  • Processing into highly porous microspheres (PMS) using flame spheroidisation (~68-75% porosity).
Keywords:
bone repairorthobiologicorthophosphatesphosphate-based glassespyrophosphates

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  • Analysis via EDX, 31P-MAS NMR, ion release studies, in vitro bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF), and cell culture.

    • Main Results:

    • Reduced phosphate content led to significant depolymerisation, increasing orthophosphate (Q0) species (6% to 35%) and decreasing metaphosphate (Q2) species (50% to 0%) in PMS.
    • Ion release decreased with lower phosphate content (up to 4x cations, 8x anions).
    • Orthophosphate-rich PMS demonstrated favorable in vitro bioactivity, cytocompatibility, and supported cell growth over 7 days.

    Conclusions:

    • The P30 PMS, with ~65% pyrophosphate and ~35% orthophosphate, exhibited the most favorable properties.
    • These highly porous microspheres are highly suitable for bone repair and regeneration, particularly for orthobiologic applications.