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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Deep breathing alleviates propofol-induced pain: a prospective, randomized, single-blind study.

Katsuaki Tanaka1, Yuko Yoshizumi2, Taku Hamada3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-7 Asahimachi, Abeno-Ku, Osaka City, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan. katsuakitanakakatsuaki@gmail.com.

Journal of Anesthesia
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Summary

Deep breathing significantly reduces pain from propofol injection, a common anesthesia method. This simple technique also lowers grimacing and recalled pain after surgery.

Keywords:
BreathingInjectionPainPropofol

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pain Management
  • Patient Comfort

Background:

  • Propofol is a widely used anesthetic agent for inducing general anesthesia.
  • Pain during propofol injection is a frequent and undesirable side effect.
  • Effective strategies to mitigate injection pain are clinically important.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of deep breathing in attenuating pain associated with propofol injection.
  • To compare pain perception between patients practicing deep breathing and those breathing normally during anesthesia induction.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial involving 200 patients undergoing elective surgery.
  • Patients were randomized into two groups: deep breathing (Group D) and usual breathing (Group C).
  • Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), alongside recording pain expressions and recalled pain in the Post-Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU).

Main Results:

  • Group D demonstrated significantly lower VAS scores for propofol injection pain compared to Group C (20 vs. 37, P=0.017).
  • Incidence of grimacing was substantially reduced in the deep breathing group (18% vs. 45%, P<0.001).
  • Recalled pain in the PACU was also significantly lower in Group D (16 vs. 26, P=0.031).

Conclusions:

  • Deep breathing is an effective, safe, and cost-efficient method for reducing propofol injection pain.
  • This non-pharmacological intervention improves patient comfort during anesthesia induction.
  • The findings support the integration of deep breathing techniques into routine anesthetic practice.