Top-down attention control does not imply voluntary attention control for all individuals

Top-down information is known to play an important role in the control of visual attention. Often, evidence for top-down attention control is also interpreted as evidence for voluntary attention control. However, this latter theoretical interpretation is not warranted because volition is typically defined in terms of a conscious feeling that prior intentions led to a subsequent action, but this aspect of performance has not been assessed in previous studies. Accordingly, the present study used the construct of "agency" within the context of the spatial cuing paradigm to examine the relation between top-down and voluntary attention control. The results of two experiments consistently showed using growth-curve modeling that standard manipulations of top-down information in the spatial cuing paradigm do not have the same effect on all participants. In particular, the present findings showed that a slight majority of individuals (~60%) exhibited the expected pattern in which they reported feeling more agency when they performed visual search with the aid of an informative (arrow or onset) cue than when they performed this task with an uninformative cue or without any cue at all. However, more importantly, these findings also showed that a substantial number of individuals (~40%) exhibited the opposite pattern in which they reported feeling more agency when they performed visual search with an uninformative cue or without any cue at all. We conclude that the relation between top-down and voluntary attention control is not straightforward and must be studied using methods that are sensitive to individual differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).