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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer.

Julien Bezin1,2, Amandine Gouverneur1,2, Marine Pénichon2

  • 1Service de Pharmacologie, Pôle de Santé Publique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.

Diabetes Care
|November 10, 2022
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Summary

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RA) use, particularly for 1-3 years, is linked to a higher risk of thyroid cancer. This includes an increased risk for medullary thyroid cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacovigilance

Background:

  • Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RA) are widely used for type 2 diabetes management.
  • Potential associations between GLP-1 RA and thyroid cancer risk require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between GLP-1 RA use and the risk of developing thyroid cancer.
  • To specifically examine risks for different types of thyroid cancer and durations of GLP-1 RA exposure.

Main Methods:

  • A nested case-control study utilized the French national health care insurance database (SNDS) from 2006-2018.
  • Thyroid cancer cases (2,562) were matched with controls (45,184) based on age, sex, and diabetes duration.
  • Conditional logistic regression analyzed the risk of thyroid cancer associated with GLP-1 RA use, adjusting for relevant covariates.

Main Results:

  • Use of GLP-1 RA for 1-3 years showed a significant association with an increased risk of all thyroid cancer (aHR 1.58).
  • A similar association was observed for medullary thyroid cancer (aHR 1.78) with 1-3 years of GLP-1 RA use.
  • The study identified specific durations of GLP-1 RA treatment linked to elevated thyroid cancer risks.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest an increased risk of all thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer associated with GLP-1 RA use.
  • The risk appears particularly elevated after 1-3 years of treatment with these agents.
  • Further research may be warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications.