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Related Concept Videos

The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading
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Comment on "Models predict planned phosphorus load reduction will make Lake Erie more toxic".

Jef Huisman1, Elke Dittmann2, Jutta Fastner3

  • 1Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands.

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Summary

Phosphorus limitation may not increase cyanobacterial toxins as predicted. Reducing phosphorus loads in Lake Erie is unlikely to worsen its toxicity, contrary to prior modeling assumptions.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Limnology

Background:

  • Cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins pose risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health.
  • Phosphorus is a key nutrient regulating algal growth in freshwater lakes.
  • Previous models predicted increased cyanotoxin concentrations under phosphorus limitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the validity of proposed mechanisms linking phosphorus limitation to increased cyanotoxin concentrations.
  • To reassess the impact of phosphorus load reduction on Lake Erie's cyanotoxin levels.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of molecular, physiological, and ecological mechanisms cited in predictive models.
  • Comparison of model assumptions with existing scientific literature and empirical data.

Main Results:

  • Several mechanisms underpinning the prediction of increased cyanotoxins under phosphorus limitation lack strong empirical support.
  • Contradictory evidence exists for key assumptions regarding cyanobacterial responses to nutrient availability.
  • The prediction that phosphorus load reduction will increase Lake Erie's toxicity is considered flawed.

Conclusions:

  • The assertion that phosphorus limitation will elevate cyanotoxin concentrations is not robustly supported.
  • Current understanding suggests phosphorus load reduction strategies are unlikely to exacerbate cyanotoxin issues in Lake Erie.
  • Reevaluation of ecological models is necessary to accurately predict the effects of nutrient management on harmful algal blooms.