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Clinical and experimental research progress on neurotoxicity of sulfur mustard and its possible mechanisms
Ning Jiang1, Pei Zhang2, Wei Shen3
1Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China.
Abstract:
Sulfur mustard (SM), an extremely reactive alkylating toxicant, which poses a continuing threat to both military and civilian populations. SM targets three major organs including skin, eyes and lungs. In recent years, more and more clinical findings have shown that cognitive and emotional disorders in veterans intoxicated with SM, such as anxiety, depression, apathy, cognitive decline and so on, which indicated the long time toxic effects on mental and neurological health of SM. The experimental studies in animal and cell models have also found neurotoxicity which are similar to clinical results. However, these neuropsychological problems are not studied well in victims of SM and the mental and neurological complications are often not subjected to treatment or undertreated. Until now, the exact mechanism of the action of SM toxicity has not been elucidated and no specific therapy for its poisoning exists. Therefore, the studies on neurotoxicity of SM should be strengthened. This review summarizes the main progress of clinical and experimental researches on neurotoxicity of SM for the past few years.
Insights
Sulfur mustard (SM) exposure causes long-term mental and neurological health issues, including anxiety and cognitive decline. Further research is crucial to understand SM neurotoxicity and develop effective treatments.
Area of Science:
- Toxicology
- Neuroscience
- Military Medicine
Background:
- Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent alkylating agent causing severe damage to skin, eyes, and lungs.
- Clinical observations reveal long-term cognitive and emotional disorders in SM-intoxicated veterans, suggesting significant neurotoxic effects.
- Existing research on SM's neurotoxicity and its clinical implications remains limited, with undertreatment of resulting complications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent clinical and experimental findings on sulfur mustard's neurotoxicity.
- To highlight the need for increased research into the mechanisms and treatment of SM-induced neuropsychological disorders.
Main Methods:
- Review of clinical case studies and findings in SM-exposed populations.
- Analysis of experimental research in animal and cell models investigating SM's effects on the nervous system.
Main Results:
- Clinical data indicate prevalent anxiety, depression, apathy, and cognitive decline in SM survivors.
- Experimental studies corroborate clinical findings, demonstrating neurotoxic effects in various models.
- The precise mechanisms underlying SM neurotoxicity are not yet fully understood.
Conclusions:
- Sulfur mustard poses a significant threat to neurological and mental health, with lasting consequences.
- There is an urgent need to strengthen research on SM neurotoxicity to elucidate mechanisms and develop targeted therapies.
- Improved understanding and treatment strategies are essential for managing long-term health complications in SM victims.
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