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Related Experiment Video

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Continuous Rather Than Solely Early Farm Exposure Protects From Hay Fever Development.

Sonali Pechlivanis1, Martin Depner1, Pirkka V Kirjavainen2

  • 1Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. in Practice
|November 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Early life exposures like animal shed contact and gut microbiome development influence hay fever risk. However, continuous farm milk consumption from infancy is crucial for sustained protection against hay fever.

Keywords:
Animal shedsChildhoodFarm milkFarmingGut microbiomeHay fever

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Epidemiology
  • Allergy Research
  • Microbiome Studies

Background:

  • Early-life exposures are linked to atopic eczema and asthma development.
  • The influence of early-life factors on hay fever, which peaks in adolescence, remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether early-life exposures, including farm environment factors, influence the development of hay fever.
  • To determine the role of continuous versus early-life specific exposures in hay fever development.

Main Methods:

  • The Protection against Allergy-Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) birth cohort was used, assessing exposures like farm milk and animal shed contact.
  • Latent class analysis classified exposure patterns from infancy to 10.5 years.
  • Gut microbiome composition was analyzed from fecal samples at 2 and 12 months using 16S rRNA sequencing.

Main Results:

  • Children raised on farms had a 50% reduced risk of hay fever at 10.5 years.
  • Gut microbiome richness at 12 months and animal shed exposure in the first three years were associated with reduced hay fever risk.
  • Continuous farm milk consumption from infancy through school age was necessary for significant protection (aOR 0.35).

Conclusions:

  • Early-life events, including gut microbiome and environmental exposures, are critical determinants of hay fever risk.
  • Sustained exposure, particularly to farm milk, is required for protective effects against hay fever.
  • These findings challenge the idea that only very early exposures establish long-term allergy trajectories.