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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Parakinesia: A Delphi consensus report.

Jack R Foucher1, Andreas J Bartsch2, Olivier Mainberger1

  • 1ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France; CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France.

Schizophrenia Research
|November 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parakinesia, a complex motor phenomenon in endogenous psychoses, includes hyperkinetic parakinesia (HPk) and parakinetic psychomotricity (PPM). These abnormal movements, distinct from tardive dyskinesia, offer prognostic value in psychosis.

Keywords:
Endogenous psychosesGrimacingMannerismNeuropsychiatryParakinesiaPeriodic catatoniaPsychomotor phenomenaSchizophreniaSchizophrenia spectrum disordersTardive dyskinesiaWernicke–Kleist–Leonhard school

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Abnormal movements, including spontaneous dyskinesias, are characteristic of endogenous psychoses.
  • Parakinesia, a historical concept predating antipsychotics, describes complex motor phenomena.
  • Parakinesia was largely overlooked in English-language literature, necessitating a re-evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To raise awareness of parakinesia in endogenous psychoses.
  • To propose a scientifically usable definition for parakinesia.
  • To differentiate parakinesia from drug-induced movement disorders like tardive dyskinesia.

Main Methods:

  • A Delphi consensus exercise was conducted with clinicians familiar with parakinesia.
  • The concept was refined into hyperkinetic parakinesia (HPk) and parakinetic psychomotricity (PPM).
  • Clinical features, differential diagnoses, and correspondences with current concepts were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Hyperkinetic parakinesia (HPk) involves inappropriate, distorted, gesture-like movements, primarily in the upper body.
  • Parakinetic psychomotricity (PPM) is characterized by awkward, unnatural, and bizarre movements.
  • HPk and PPM are specific to endogenous psychoses, acquired, progressive, and not consciously experienced by patients.

Conclusions:

  • HPk and PPM are distinct motor phenomena highly specific to endogenous psychoses.
  • These movements have potential prognostic value due to their acquired and progressive nature.
  • Revisiting and defining parakinesia is crucial for understanding psychosis-related motor abnormalities.