Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Critical Care Medicine
• Hematology

Background:

• Sepsis is a life-threatening condition involving immune system dysregulation.
• Apoptosis-induced immune cell depletion and immunodepression increase sepsis morbidity and mortality.
• Alterations in neutrophil and monocyte surface markers are observed in sepsis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current techniques for studying circulating leukocytes in sepsis.
• To analyze the impact of extracorporeal and non-blood purification treatments on leukocyte phenotype and function in sepsis.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review using major databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, etc.).
• Inclusion of clinical trials and review articles from the last 50 years, excluding case reports.
• Focus on immunological function in sepsis and leukocyte alterations.

Main Results:

• Neutrophils in sepsis activate an anti-apoptotic survival program.
• Septic monocytes show reduced HLA-DR expression but largely preserved function.
• Sepsis induces lymphopenia and immunosuppression, affecting T cells (CD4, CD8, NK), but not regulatory T cells.

Conclusions:

• Understanding leukocyte alterations is crucial for sepsis management.
• Extracorporeal therapies, like the oXiris® filter, may mitigate sepsis severity by reducing inflammatory markers.
• Targeting host immune responses presents promising therapeutic avenues for sepsis.