Changes to Urinary Proteome in High-Fat-Diet ApoE^-/- Mice

Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is an important pathological basis of cardiovascular disease, and its early diagnosis is of great significance. Urine bears no need nor mechanism to be stable, so it accumulates many small changes and is therefore a good source of biomarkers in the early stages of disease. In this study, ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet for 5 months. Urine samples from the experimental group and control group (C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet) were collected at seven time points. Proteomic analysis was used for comparison within the experimental group and for comparison between the experimental group and the control group. The results of the comparison within the experimental group showed a significant difference in the urinary proteome before and after a one-week high-fat diet, and several of the differential proteins have been reported to be associated with atherosclerosis and/or as biomarker candidates. The results of the comparison between the experimental group and the control group indicated that the biological processes enriched by the GO analysis of the differential proteins correspond to the progression of atherosclerosis. The differences in chemical modifications of urinary proteins have also been reported to be associated with the disease. This study demonstrates that urinary proteomics has the potential to sensitively monitor changes in the body and provides the possibility of identifying early biomarkers of atherosclerosis.