Seed Weight and Genotype Influence the Total Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Peanut Seeds

Peanut, an important oilseed crop cultivated worldwide as a dietary food, is a good food source with health benefits. To explore the potential benefits of peanuts as a food resource, 301 peanut accessions were evaluated to determine the effect of seed weight and genotype on total oil content and fatty acid composition. Total oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Wide variations in the 100-seed weight, total oil content, and fatty acid profile were observed among genotypes and accession types. An effect of seed weight on the fatty acid composition of peanut seeds was observed. Increases in the oleic acid content and decreases in the linoleic acid content occurred in association with increases in the 100-seed weight. Moreover, the 100-seed weight, total oil content, and individual and total fatty acid contents, except arachidic acid, differed significantly (p < 0.001 or 0.05) among the accession types of landrace, cultivar, breeding line, and unknown. The discovery of this high diversity could contribute to further studies of peanut domestication and evolutionary classification. Our findings are important for the selection of peanut seeds with health benefits and development of new varieties of peanut with health benefits.