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Related Concept Videos

Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

18.4K
Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

346
Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
346
Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

276
Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
276
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

4.0K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
4.0K
Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

99
Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
99
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

605
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1α-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles
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Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1α-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

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Chitosan-Polyphenol Conjugates for Human Health.

Ananya Pattnaik1,2, Sanghamitra Pati1, Sangram Keshari Samal1

  • 1Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Conjugating chitosan with polyphenols enhances antioxidant properties, offering new therapeutic strategies for diseases caused by oxidative stress. These chitosan-polyphenol conjugates show significant potential for improving human health.

Keywords:
antioxidantchitosanhuman healthoxidative stresspolyphenol

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Fabrication of Size-Controlled and Emulsion-Free Chitosan-Genipin Microgels for Tissue Engineering Applications
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A Freeze-Thawing Method to Prepare Chitosan-Polyvinyl alcohol Hydrogels Without Crosslinking Agents and Diflunisal Release Studies
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Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1α-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles
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A Freeze-Thawing Method to Prepare Chitosan-Polyvinyl alcohol Hydrogels Without Crosslinking Agents and Diflunisal Release Studies
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Oxidative stress from free radicals damages cellular components, contributing to major diseases like cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Polyphenols offer therapeutic benefits but have limited efficacy due to short biological half-lives and rapid metabolism.
  • Chitosan, a biopolymer, possesses beneficial properties but suffers from low solubility and limited antioxidant capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in forming chitosan-polyphenol conjugates.
  • To evaluate the advantages and limitations of various conjugation strategies.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of these conjugates in treating diseases linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Main Methods:

  • Review of conjugation strategies including activated ester-modification, enzyme-mediated, and free radical induced methods.
  • Analysis of the synergistic effects of combining chitosan with polyphenols like Gallic Acid, Curcumin, Catechin, and Quercetin.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic outcomes in treating ROS-induced diseases.

Main Results:

  • Chitosan-polyphenol conjugation overcomes limitations of individual components, enhancing antioxidant and therapeutic potential.
  • Various conjugation methods have been developed, each with specific advantages and drawbacks.
  • Investigated conjugates demonstrated favorable outcomes in treating oxidative stress-related conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Chitosan-polyphenol conjugates represent a promising approach for developing novel therapeutics against oxidative stress-induced diseases.
  • The synergistic combination of chitosan and polyphenols significantly enhances their efficacy.
  • Further research into these conjugates holds potential for significant advancements in human health treatments.