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Chitosan-Polyphenol Conjugates for Human Health
Ananya Pattnaik1,2, Sanghamitra Pati1, Sangram Keshari Samal1
1Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India.
Abstract:
Human health deteriorates due to the generation and accumulation of free radicals that induce oxidative stress, damaging proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; this has become the leading cause of many deadly diseases such as cardiovascular, cancer, neurodegenerative, diabetes, and inflammation. Naturally occurring polyphenols have tremendous therapeutic potential, but their short biological half-life and rapid metabolism limit their use. Recent advancements in polymer science have provided numerous varieties of natural and synthetic polymers. Chitosan is widely used due to its biomimetic properties which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, inherent antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant properties. However, due to low solubility in water and the non-availability of the H-atom donor, the practical use of chitosan as an antioxidant is limited. Therefore, chitosan has been conjugated with polyphenols to overcome the limitations of both chitosan and polyphenol, along with increasing the potential synergistic effects of their combination for therapeutic applications. Though many methods have been evolved to conjugate chitosan with polyphenol through activated ester-modification, enzyme-mediated, and free radical induced are the most widely used strategies. The therapeutic efficiency of chitosan-polyphenol conjugates has been investigated for various disease treatments caused by ROS that have shown favorable outcomes and tremendous results. Hence, the present review focuses on the recent advancement of different strategies of chitosan-polyphenol conjugate formation with their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the therapeutic applicability of the combinatorial efficiency of chitosan-based conjugates formed using Gallic Acid, Curcumin, Catechin, and Quercetin in human health has been described in detail.
Insights
Conjugating chitosan with polyphenols enhances antioxidant properties, offering new therapeutic strategies for diseases caused by oxidative stress. These chitosan-polyphenol conjugates show significant potential for improving human health.
Area of Science:
- Biomaterials Science
- Polymer Chemistry
- Nanomedicine
Background:
- Oxidative stress from free radicals damages cellular components, contributing to major diseases like cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Polyphenols offer therapeutic benefits but have limited efficacy due to short biological half-lives and rapid metabolism.
- Chitosan, a biopolymer, possesses beneficial properties but suffers from low solubility and limited antioxidant capacity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review advancements in forming chitosan-polyphenol conjugates.
- To evaluate the advantages and limitations of various conjugation strategies.
- To explore the therapeutic potential of these conjugates in treating diseases linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Main Methods:
- Review of conjugation strategies including activated ester-modification, enzyme-mediated, and free radical induced methods.
- Analysis of the synergistic effects of combining chitosan with polyphenols like Gallic Acid, Curcumin, Catechin, and Quercetin.
- Evaluation of therapeutic outcomes in treating ROS-induced diseases.
Main Results:
- Chitosan-polyphenol conjugation overcomes limitations of individual components, enhancing antioxidant and therapeutic potential.
- Various conjugation methods have been developed, each with specific advantages and drawbacks.
- Investigated conjugates demonstrated favorable outcomes in treating oxidative stress-related conditions.
Conclusions:
- Chitosan-polyphenol conjugates represent a promising approach for developing novel therapeutics against oxidative stress-induced diseases.
- The synergistic combination of chitosan and polyphenols significantly enhances their efficacy.
- Further research into these conjugates holds potential for significant advancements in human health treatments.
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