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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polylactic Acid Chemical Foaming Assisted by Solid-State Processing: Solid-State Shear Pulverization and Cryogenic

Philip R Onffroy1, Nathan T Herrold1, Harrison G Goehrig1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837-2029, USA.

Polymers
|November 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid-state processing, including SSSP and cryogenic milling, significantly enhances polylactic acid (PLA) foaming. This method improves crystallization, leading to foams with higher void fractions and better mechanical properties for biopolymer applications.

Keywords:
compression moldingcryogenic millingfoamspolylactic acidprocessingsemicrystalline polymerssolid-state shear pulverization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer with potential for foaming applications.
  • Traditional chemical foaming methods for PLA face limitations in achieving high void fractions and desired properties.
  • Solid-state processing offers a novel approach to modify PLA's properties before foaming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an effective chemical foaming process for PLA using solid-state processing techniques.
  • To investigate the impact of solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) and cryogenic milling on PLA foaming.
  • To evaluate the effects of pre-foaming solid-state processing and chemical foaming agent (CFA) concentration on foam characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • PLA was subjected to solid-state processing (SSSP and cryogenic milling) prior to chemical foaming.
  • Chemical foaming agents (CFA) were compounded with PLA after solid-state processing.
  • Foaming was achieved via compression molding.
  • Characterization included density reduction, mechanical testing, thermal analysis (DSC), and cell density measurement.

Main Results:

  • Solid-state processing significantly increased the extent of PLA foaming, nearly doubling void fractions compared to control foams.
  • PLA's crystallization kinetics were enhanced, evidenced by DMA and DSC.
  • Foams produced via solid-state processing exhibited superior mechanical robustness and low stress relaxation.
  • SSSP particularly increased cell density.
  • Crosslinking during pre-foaming enhanced crystallization but reduced foam effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state processing methods like SSSP and cryogenic milling are highly effective in improving the chemical foaming of PLA.
  • These techniques enhance PLA's crystallization, leading to improved foam properties and density reduction.
  • The findings suggest significant promise for SSSP and cryogenic milling in advancing foaming technologies for biopolymers.