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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

1.1K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
1.1K
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

805
Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
805
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

2.0K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
2.0K
Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

5.6K
Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
5.6K
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

636
Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
636
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

640
Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
640

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers
08:44

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

Published on: October 24, 2018

5.9K

Inkjet-Printed Temperature Sensors Characterized according to Standards.

Jonas Jäger1, Adrian Schwenck1, Daniela Walter1

  • 1Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Inkjet-printed temperature sensors were characterized using the IEC 61928-2 standard. Optimal sintering and coating yielded high-performance sensors suitable for applications up to 85 °C.

Keywords:
characterizationdrifthysteresisinkjetmaximum errornanoparticlenon-repeatabilitytemperature sensor

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Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors
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Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology
  • Manufacturing Engineering

Background:

  • Inkjet printing offers a low-cost, scalable method for fabricating electronic components.
  • Characterization of inkjet-printed sensors according to international standards is crucial for reliable performance assessment.
  • Existing data on inkjet-printed temperature sensors adhering to IEC 61928-2 is limited, hindering cross-publication comparisons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively characterize inkjet-printed resistive temperature sensors.
  • To identify key manufacturing process parameters influencing sensor performance.
  • To establish a benchmark dataset for inkjet-printed temperature sensors under the IEC 61928-2 standard.

Main Methods:

  • Resistive temperature sensors were fabricated using silver nanoparticle ink on injection-molded substrates via inkjet printing.
  • Sensors underwent post-printing sintering with varied parameters (temperature, dwell time) and surface treatments (fluoropolymer coating).
  • Characterization was performed within a temperature range of 10 °C to 85 °C at 60% relative humidity, following IEC 61928-2 guidelines.

Main Results:

  • The optimal sensor performance was achieved with a 200 °C sintering temperature, 24-hour dwell time, and fluoropolymer coating.
  • Optimized sensors exhibited a high temperature coefficient of resistance (1.23-1.31 × 10-3 K-1).
  • Key performance metrics including hysteresis, non-repeatability, and maximum error were below 1.4% of the full-scale output (FSO).

Conclusions:

  • Inkjet printing is a viable technology for manufacturing high-performance temperature sensors.
  • The study provides the first IEC 61928-2 compliant dataset for inkjet-printed temperature sensors.
  • These sensors are suitable for applications up to 85 °C, including lab-on-a-chip devices.