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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Phthalates and bone mineral density: a systematic review.

Nina Z Heilmann1, Katherine W Reeves2, Susan E Hankinson1

  • 1Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.

Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source
|November 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting phthalates may impact bone mineral density (BMD). Studies suggest a link between phthalate metabolites and lower BMD in postmenopausal women, but childhood data is inconclusive, requiring further research.

Keywords:
BiomarkersBone mineral densityPhthalatesReview

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Endocrine disruptors like phthalates are suspected to affect bone mineral density (BMD) through various mechanisms.
  • Human studies investigating the relationship between phthalate exposure and BMD are limited.
  • This review synthesizes existing data and offers recommendations for future research.

Approach:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed for observational studies.
  • Five studies focusing on phthalate exposure and BMD in children and postmenopausal women met the eligibility criteria.
  • Included studies underwent quality assessment and key information extraction.

Key Points:

  • In postmenopausal women, specific phthalate metabolites (MCOP, MCNP) were linked to lower BMD, particularly in hormone therapy non-users.
  • Other metabolites (MEP, MnBP, MCPP, MBzP) showed negative associations with BMD in cross-sectional studies, though findings varied.
  • Studies on fetal phthalate exposure and childhood BMD yielded mixed results, with one study showing a positive association for MCPP.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence suggests a potential association between urinary phthalate metabolite levels and reduced BMD in postmenopausal women.
  • Data on phthalate exposure and childhood BMD is currently inconclusive due to limited and varied findings.
  • Further research is necessary to clarify the association between phthalate exposure and human BMD, addressing existing study limitations.